diff --git a/atst/domain/applications.py b/atst/domain/applications.py
index 968bbb91..3c8cff64 100644
--- a/atst/domain/applications.py
+++ b/atst/domain/applications.py
@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
 from sqlalchemy.orm.exc import NoResultFound
 
-from atst.database import db
 from . import BaseDomainClass
+from atst.database import db
 from atst.domain.application_roles import ApplicationRoles
 from atst.domain.environment_roles import EnvironmentRoles
 from atst.domain.environments import Environments
 from atst.domain.exceptions import NotFoundError
-from atst.domain.users import Users
-from atst.models import Application, ApplicationRole, ApplicationRoleStatus
+from atst.domain.invitations import ApplicationInvitations
+from atst.models import (
+    Application,
+    ApplicationRole,
+    ApplicationRoleStatus,
+    EnvironmentRole,
+)
+from atst.utils import first_or_none
 
 
 class Applications(BaseDomainClass):
@@ -76,33 +82,50 @@ class Applications(BaseDomainClass):
         db.session.commit()
 
     @classmethod
-    def create_member(
-        cls, application, user_data, permission_sets=None, environment_roles_data=None
+    def invite(
+        cls,
+        application,
+        inviter,
+        user_data,
+        permission_sets_names=None,
+        environment_roles_data=None,
     ):
-        permission_sets = [] if permission_sets is None else permission_sets
-        environment_roles_data = (
-            [] if environment_roles_data is None else environment_roles_data
+        permission_sets_names = permission_sets_names or []
+        permission_sets = ApplicationRoles._permission_sets_for_names(
+            permission_sets_names
+        )
+        app_role = ApplicationRole(
+            application=application, permission_sets=permission_sets
         )
 
-        user = Users.get_or_create_by_dod_id(
-            user_data["dod_id"],
-            first_name=user_data["first_name"],
-            last_name=user_data["last_name"],
-            phone_number=user_data.get("phone_number"),
-            email=user_data["email"],
-        )
-
-        application_role = ApplicationRoles.create(user, application, permission_sets)
+        db.session.add(app_role)
 
         for env_role_data in environment_roles_data:
-            role = env_role_data.get("role")
-            if role:
-                environment = Environments.get(env_role_data.get("environment_id"))
-                Environments.add_member(
-                    environment, application_role, env_role_data.get("role")
+            env_role_name = env_role_data.get("role")
+            environment_id = env_role_data.get("environment_id")
+            if env_role_name is not None:
+                # pylint: disable=cell-var-from-loop
+                environment = first_or_none(
+                    lambda e: str(e.id) == str(environment_id), application.environments
                 )
+                if environment is None:
+                    raise NotFoundError("environment")
+                else:
+                    env_role = EnvironmentRole(
+                        application_role=app_role,
+                        environment=environment,
+                        role=env_role_name,
+                    )
+                    db.session.add(env_role)
 
-        return application_role
+        invitation = ApplicationInvitations.create(
+            inviter=inviter, role=app_role, member_data=user_data
+        )
+        db.session.add(invitation)
+
+        db.session.commit()
+
+        return invitation
 
     @classmethod
     def remove_member(cls, application, user_id):
diff --git a/atst/models/application_role.py b/atst/models/application_role.py
index db08d639..7e709f5f 100644
--- a/atst/models/application_role.py
+++ b/atst/models/application_role.py
@@ -59,12 +59,17 @@ class ApplicationRole(
         ),
     )
 
+    @property
+    def latest_invitation(self):
+        if self.invitations:
+            return self.invitations[-1]
+
     @property
     def user_name(self):
         if self.user:
             return self.user.full_name
-        else:
-            return None
+        elif self.latest_invitation:
+            return self.latest_invitation.user_name
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<ApplicationRole(application='{}', user_id='{}', id='{}', permissions={})>".format(
diff --git a/atst/routes/applications/team.py b/atst/routes/applications/team.py
index b48c82a0..0cf4c6c7 100644
--- a/atst/routes/applications/team.py
+++ b/atst/routes/applications/team.py
@@ -13,8 +13,9 @@ from atst.domain.users import Users
 from atst.forms.application_member import NewForm as NewMemberForm
 from atst.forms.team import TeamForm
 from atst.models import Permissions
-from atst.services.invitation import Invitation as InvitationService
 from atst.utils.flash import formatted_flash as flash
+from atst.utils.localization import translate
+from atst.queue import queue
 
 
 def get_form_permission_value(member, edit_perm_set):
@@ -125,6 +126,17 @@ def update_team(application_id):
         return (render_team_page(application), 400)
 
 
+def send_application_invitation(invitee_email, inviter_name, token):
+    body = render_template(
+        "emails/application/invitation.txt", owner=inviter_name, token=token
+    )
+    queue.send_mail(
+        [invitee_email],
+        translate("email.application_invite", {"inviter_name": inviter_name}),
+        body,
+    )
+
+
 @applications_bp.route("/application/<application_id>/members/new", methods=["POST"])
 @user_can(
     Permissions.CREATE_APPLICATION_MEMBER, message="create new application member"
@@ -135,19 +147,21 @@ def create_member(application_id):
 
     if form.validate():
         try:
-            member = Applications.create_member(
-                application,
-                form.user_data.data,
-                permission_sets=form.permission_sets.data,
+            invite = Applications.invite(
+                application=application,
+                inviter=g.current_user,
+                user_data=form.user_data.data,
+                permission_sets_names=form.permission_sets.data,
                 environment_roles_data=form.environment_roles.data,
             )
 
-            invite_service = InvitationService(
-                g.current_user, member, form.user_data.data.get("email")
+            send_application_invitation(
+                invitee_email=invite.email,
+                inviter_name=g.current_user.full_name,
+                token=invite.token,
             )
-            invite_service.invite()
 
-            flash("new_portfolio_member", new_member=member)
+            flash("new_application_member", user_name=invite.user_name)
 
         except AlreadyExistsError:
             return render_template(
diff --git a/atst/routes/portfolios/invitations.py b/atst/routes/portfolios/invitations.py
index 00af9377..1975be18 100644
--- a/atst/routes/portfolios/invitations.py
+++ b/atst/routes/portfolios/invitations.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from atst.domain.portfolios import Portfolios
 from atst.models import Permissions
 from atst.queue import queue
 from atst.utils.flash import formatted_flash as flash
+from atst.utils.localization import translate
 import atst.forms.portfolio_member as member_forms
 
 
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ def send_portfolio_invitation(invitee_email, inviter_name, token):
     )
     queue.send_mail(
         [invitee_email],
-        "{} has invited you to a JEDI cloud portfolio".format(inviter_name),
+        translate("email.portfolio_invite", {"inviter_name": inviter_name}),
         body,
     )
 
@@ -54,7 +55,11 @@ def revoke_invitation(portfolio_id, portfolio_token):
 @user_can(Permissions.EDIT_PORTFOLIO_USERS, message="resend invitation")
 def resend_invitation(portfolio_id, portfolio_token):
     invite = PortfolioInvitations.resend(g.current_user, portfolio_token)
-    send_portfolio_invitation(invite.email, g.current_user.full_name, invite.token)
+    send_portfolio_invitation(
+        invitee_email=invite.email,
+        inviter_name=g.current_user.full_name,
+        token=invite.token,
+    )
     flash("resend_portfolio_invitation", user_name=invite.user_name)
     return redirect(
         url_for(
@@ -76,7 +81,9 @@ def invite_member(portfolio_id):
         try:
             invite = Portfolios.invite(portfolio, g.current_user, form.update_data)
             send_portfolio_invitation(
-                invite.email, g.current_user.full_name, invite.token
+                invitee_email=invite.email,
+                inviter_name=g.current_user.full_name,
+                token=invite.token,
             )
 
             flash(
diff --git a/atst/services/invitation.py b/atst/services/invitation.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 17d3b922..00000000
--- a/atst/services/invitation.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-from flask import render_template
-
-from atst.domain.invitations import PortfolioInvitations, ApplicationInvitations
-from atst.queue import queue
-from atst.domain.task_orders import TaskOrders
-from atst.domain.portfolio_roles import PortfolioRoles
-from atst.models import ApplicationRole, PortfolioRole
-
-OFFICER_INVITATIONS = {
-    "ko_invite": {
-        "role": "contracting_officer",
-        "subject": "Review a task order",
-        "template": "emails/portfolio/invitation.txt",
-    },
-    "cor_invite": {
-        "role": "contracting_officer_representative",
-        "subject": "Help with a task order",
-        "template": "emails/portfolio/invitation.txt",
-    },
-    "so_invite": {
-        "role": "security_officer",
-        "subject": "Review security for a task order",
-        "template": "emails/portfolio/invitation.txt",
-    },
-}
-
-
-def update_officer_invitations(user, task_order):
-    for invite_type in dict.keys(OFFICER_INVITATIONS):
-        invite_opts = OFFICER_INVITATIONS[invite_type]
-
-        if getattr(task_order, invite_type) and not getattr(
-            task_order, invite_opts["role"]
-        ):
-            officer_data = task_order.officer_dictionary(invite_opts["role"])
-            officer = TaskOrders.add_officer(
-                task_order, invite_opts["role"], officer_data
-            )
-            pf_officer_member = PortfolioRoles.get(task_order.portfolio.id, officer.id)
-            invite_service = Invitation(
-                user,
-                pf_officer_member,
-                officer_data["email"],
-                subject=invite_opts["subject"],
-                email_template=invite_opts["template"],
-            )
-            invite_service.invite()
-
-
-class Invitation:
-    def __init__(self, inviter, member, email, subject="", email_template=None):
-        self.inviter = inviter
-        self.member = member
-        self.email = email
-        self.subject = subject
-        self.email_template = email_template
-
-        if isinstance(member, PortfolioRole):
-            self.email_template = (
-                self.email_template or "emails/portfolio/invitation.txt"
-            )
-            self.subject = (
-                self.subject or "{} has invited you to a JEDI cloud portfolio"
-            )
-            self.domain_class = PortfolioInvitations
-        elif isinstance(member, ApplicationRole):
-            self.email_template = (
-                self.email_template or "emails/application/invitation.txt"
-            )
-            self.subject = (
-                self.subject or "{} has invited you to a JEDI cloud application"
-            )
-            self.domain_class = ApplicationInvitations
-
-    def invite(self):
-        invite = self._create_invite()
-        self._send_invite_email(invite.token)
-
-        return invite
-
-    def _create_invite(self):
-        user = self.member.user
-        return self.domain_class.create(
-            self.inviter,
-            self.member,
-            {"email": self.email, "dod_id": user.dod_id},
-            commit=True,
-        )
-
-    def _send_invite_email(self, token):
-        body = render_template(
-            self.email_template, owner=self.inviter.full_name, token=token
-        )
-        queue.send_mail([self.email], self.subject.format(self.inviter.full_name), body)
diff --git a/atst/utils/flash.py b/atst/utils/flash.py
index 47efa58b..a7d5b52d 100644
--- a/atst/utils/flash.py
+++ b/atst/utils/flash.py
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ MESSAGES = {
     "new_application_member": {
         "title_template": translate("flash.success"),
         "message_template": """
-          <p>{{ "flash.new_application_member" | translate({ "user_name": new_member.user_name }) }}</p>
+          <p>{{ "flash.new_application_member" | translate({ "user_name": user_name }) }}</p>
         """,
         "category": "success",
     },
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ MESSAGES = {
     "update_portfolio_members": {
         "title_template": "Success!",
         "message_template": """
-            <p>You have successfully updated access permissions for members of {{ portfolio.name }}.</p>
+        <p>You have successfully updated access permissions for members of {{ portfolio.name }}.</p>
         """,
         "category": "success",
     },
diff --git a/tests/domain/test_applications.py b/tests/domain/test_applications.py
index 46da9bde..f405a245 100644
--- a/tests/domain/test_applications.py
+++ b/tests/domain/test_applications.py
@@ -107,32 +107,6 @@ def test_delete_application(session):
     assert not session.dirty
 
 
-def test_create_member():
-    application = ApplicationFactory.create()
-    env1 = EnvironmentFactory.create(application=application)
-    env2 = EnvironmentFactory.create(application=application)
-    user_data = UserFactory.dictionary()
-    permission_set_names = [PermissionSets.EDIT_APPLICATION_TEAM]
-
-    member_role = Applications.create_member(
-        application,
-        user_data,
-        permission_set_names,
-        environment_roles_data=[
-            {"environment_id": env1.id, "role": CSPRole.BASIC_ACCESS.value},
-            {"environment_id": env2.id, "role": None},
-        ],
-    )
-
-    assert member_role.user.dod_id == user_data["dod_id"]
-    # view application AND edit application team
-    assert len(member_role.permission_sets) == 2
-
-    env_roles = member_role.environment_roles
-    assert len(env_roles) == 1
-    assert env_roles[0].environment == env1
-
-
 def test_for_user():
     user = UserFactory.create()
     portfolio = PortfolioFactory.create()
@@ -189,3 +163,48 @@ def test_remove_member():
         )
         is None
     )
+
+
+def test_invite():
+    application = ApplicationFactory.create()
+    env1 = EnvironmentFactory.create(application=application)
+    env2 = EnvironmentFactory.create(application=application)
+    user_data = UserFactory.dictionary()
+    permission_sets_names = [PermissionSets.EDIT_APPLICATION_TEAM]
+
+    invitation = Applications.invite(
+        application=application,
+        inviter=application.portfolio.owner,
+        user_data=user_data,
+        permission_sets_names=permission_sets_names,
+        environment_roles_data=[
+            {"environment_id": env1.id, "role": CSPRole.BASIC_ACCESS.value},
+            {"environment_id": env2.id, "role": None},
+        ],
+    )
+
+    member_role = invitation.role
+    assert invitation.dod_id == user_data["dod_id"]
+    # view application AND edit application team
+    assert len(member_role.permission_sets) == 2
+
+    env_roles = member_role.environment_roles
+    assert len(env_roles) == 1
+    assert env_roles[0].environment == env1
+
+
+def test_invite_to_nonexistent_environment():
+    application = ApplicationFactory.create()
+    env1 = EnvironmentFactory.create(application=application)
+    user_data = UserFactory.dictionary()
+
+    with pytest.raises(NotFoundError):
+        Applications.invite(
+            application=application,
+            inviter=application.portfolio.owner,
+            user_data=user_data,
+            environment_roles_data=[
+                {"environment_id": env1.id, "role": CSPRole.BASIC_ACCESS.value},
+                {"environment_id": uuid4(), "role": CSPRole.BASIC_ACCESS.value},
+            ],
+        )
diff --git a/tests/routes/applications/test_team.py b/tests/routes/applications/test_team.py
index fa725695..d7abec06 100644
--- a/tests/routes/applications/test_team.py
+++ b/tests/routes/applications/test_team.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-import pytest
 import uuid
 from flask import url_for
 
 from atst.domain.permission_sets import PermissionSets
 from atst.models import CSPRole
 from atst.forms.data import ENV_ROLE_NO_ACCESS as NO_ACCESS
+from atst.queue import queue
 
 from tests.factories import *
 
@@ -145,7 +145,8 @@ def test_update_team_revoke_environment_access(client, user_session, db, session
     assert not session.query(env_role_exists).scalar()
 
 
-def test_create_member(client, user_session):
+def test_create_member(client, user_session, session):
+    queue_length = len(queue.get_queue())
     user = UserFactory.create()
     application = ApplicationFactory.create(
         environments=[{"name": "Naboo"}, {"name": "Endor"}]
@@ -179,14 +180,18 @@ def test_create_member(client, user_session):
         _external=True,
     )
     assert response.location == expected_url
-    assert len(user.application_roles) == 1
-    assert user.application_roles[0].application == application
-    environment_roles = [
-        er for ar in user.application_roles for er in ar.environment_roles
-    ]
+    assert len(application.roles) == 1
+    environment_roles = application.roles[0].environment_roles
     assert len(environment_roles) == 1
     assert environment_roles[0].environment == env
 
+    invitation = (
+        session.query(ApplicationInvitation).filter_by(dod_id=user.dod_id).one()
+    )
+    assert invitation.role.application == application
+
+    assert len(queue.get_queue()) == queue_length + 1
+
 
 def test_remove_member_success(client, user_session):
     user = UserFactory.create()
diff --git a/tests/services/test_invitation.py b/tests/services/test_invitation.py
deleted file mode 100644
index afa4ddde..00000000
--- a/tests/services/test_invitation.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-from tests.factories import (
-    ApplicationFactory,
-    ApplicationRoleFactory,
-    UserFactory,
-    PortfolioFactory,
-    PortfolioRoleFactory,
-)
-
-from atst.services.invitation import Invitation
-
-
-def test_invite_portfolio_member(queue):
-    inviter = UserFactory.create()
-    new_member = UserFactory.create()
-    portfolio = PortfolioFactory.create(owner=inviter)
-    ws_member = PortfolioRoleFactory.create(user=new_member, portfolio=portfolio)
-    invite_service = Invitation(inviter, ws_member, new_member.email)
-    new_invitation = invite_service.invite()
-    assert new_invitation == new_member.portfolio_invitations[0]
-    assert len(queue.get_queue()) == 1
-
-
-def test_invite_application_member(queue):
-    inviter = UserFactory.create()
-    new_member = UserFactory.create()
-    application = ApplicationFactory.create()
-    member = ApplicationRoleFactory.create(user=new_member, application=application)
-    invite_service = Invitation(inviter, member, new_member.email)
-    new_invitation = invite_service.invite()
-    assert new_invitation == new_member.application_invitations[0]
-    assert len(queue.get_queue()) == 1
diff --git a/translations.yaml b/translations.yaml
index 230d9557..1af070ff 100644
--- a/translations.yaml
+++ b/translations.yaml
@@ -65,6 +65,9 @@ components:
           The <strong>https://</strong> ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.
         </p>
       title: Here’s how you know
+email:
+  application_invite: "{inviter_name} has invited you to a JEDI cloud application"
+  portfolio_invite: "{inviter_name} has invited you to a JEDI cloud portfolio"
 flash:
   application:
     deleted: 'You have successfully deleted the {application_name} application. To view the retained activity log, visit the portfolio administration page.'